Transformation to Steel: How the Bessemer Process Sparked the Industrial Revolution
Works Cited
Primary Sources
"The Bessemer Process." Manufacturer and Builder 0002.2 (1870): 46. Making of America. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. <http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=manu;cc=manu;rgn=full%20text;idno=manu0002-2;didno=manu0002-2;view=image;seq=0052;node=manu0002-2%3A24>. This article is a journal from the year 1870 about new machines and inventions. One segment was on the Bessemer Process. It has the numbers and percentages of the amounts of metals in steel. There is no author. This is credible because the magazine is widely read for 30 years.
"Bessemer Steel." New York Times 17 Oct. 1880: 9. Print. This newspaper article from the New York Times talks about the differences in revenue from before and after the creation of the Bessemer Process in cities around the US. This source is very credible since it is from he New York Times.
"A Bold Mechanical Project." Scientific American ns 1003.26 (1860): 403. Making of America. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. <http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=scia;cc=scia;q1=The%20Bessemer%20Process;rgn=full%20text;idno=scia1003-26;didno=scia1003-26;node=scia1003-26%3A1;view=image;seq=0407>. This article is from a journal about building and machines. It is a primary source. This article has one small section about the Bessemer Process. The section talks about a ship that was being made completely from using the Bessemer Process.
Carnegie, Andrew. Wealth. N.p., 1889. The North American Review. Web. 16 Nov. 2012. <http://digital.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=nora;cc=nora;rgn=full%20text;idno=nora0148-6;didno=nora0148-6;view=image;seq=0661;node=nora0148-6%3A1>. A long memoir by Andrew Carnegie about steel, and how he became so rich off of it. Carnegie talks about his rise to the top of the railroad industry and how he became that way. This explains the importance of cheap steel, and why it became so widely used.
"The Future of the Bessemer Process." Manufacturer and Builder 0012.12 (1880): 268-69. Making of America. Web. 13 Nov. 2012. <http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=manu;cc=manu;rgn=full%20text;idno=manu0012-12;didno=manu0012-12;view=image;seq=0274;node=manu0012-12%3A16>. This source is a primary source from 1880. This source is credible because it is from a renowned magazine company that lasted for over 30 years. There is no author.
"Henry Bessemer: The Man Whose Failure Won Success." Shiner Gazette 26 Aug. 1909: n. pag. Print. This article from the Shiner gazette in Shiner, Texas, explains how Henry Bessemer gained his fame, and what his inventions consisted of. This article is credible because it is from a credible newspaper source.
"Making Them out of Bessemer Steel by a Simple Process." Omaha Daily Bee [Omaha] 29 Aug. 1884: n. pag. Web. 14 Dec. 2012. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn99021999/1884-08-29/ed-1/seq-2/;words=process+Bessemer?date1=1850&rows=20&search&state=&date2=1890&proxtext=bessemer+process&y=0&x=0&dateFilter&index=5>. This is a primary source because is was made in 1884. It is a reliable source because it is on the National Endowment for the Humanities, which is found on the Library of Congress website.
"Not Appreciated: John Bull's Meanness toward a Foremost Inventorr." Roanoke Times [Roanoke] 1 June 1895: n. pag. Print. This newspaper article from the Roanoke times explains the creation of the Bessemer Process and why it was important to many industries. This is credible because it was published by a credible newspaper.
"Our Steel Manufactures." New York Times 27 Sept. 1870: pg2. Print. This newspaper article talks about Henry Bessemer's steel making process and the significance of it at the time. The article talks about what the Bessemer Process involves, and how the method works. This article is by a special correspondent for the New York Times, a large newspaper.
Photograph of St. Francis Hotel Showing the Clean Sweep of Fire in the Business Section of All Except Class A Steel Frame Buildings After the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake. 1906. Photograph. National Archives. This photograph shows a burnt down building in San Fransisco after the large earthquake. The steel frame of the building is still standing, while all the buildings around it are burnt to the ground. This shows that steel was the strongest building metal of the time and the most reliable.
Rorabaugh, William J. E-mail interview. 5 Dec. 2012. In this interview by email, William Rorabaugh, a professor of Nineteenth Century US History and US Social History at the University of Washington, shares how the invention of the Bessemer process impacted the United States' steel industry. He also shares what steel-making was like before the Bessemer process was invented, and how different industries benefited from the Bessemer process.
Sir Henry Bessemer, F.R.S. An autobiography. London: n.p., 1905. Print. This book was written by Henry Bessemer, creator of the Bessemer process, and he gives lots of detailed information about his works and achievements throughout his life. This is a primary source because it was written by Bessemer in 1905, and it is very credible because it has lots of information on Bessemer's life.
Stark County Democrat [Canton, Ohio] 23 Feb. 1882. Web. 16 Dec. 2012. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84028490/1882-02-23/ed-1/seq-8/;words=process+Bessemer?date1=1854&sort=date&sort=date&rows=20&search&state=&date2=1907&proxtext=Bessemer+process&y=16&x=8&dateFilter&page=5&index=7>. This is a reliable source because the newspaper company is published by W. & G. Dunbar, Jr. This company at the time was a highly ranked newspaper publisher. It is also a primary source because it was published in 1882. The author is unknown.
Variety. N.d. Workington Iron and Steel. Web. 7 Jan. 2013. <http://banklands.com/Departure%20Lounge.htm>. A large group of pictures of steel plants, Bessemer converters, trains, and railroads, as well as more steel related photos. This site was put together by Phil Baggley, and supplied our website with many photos. Mr. Baggley gave us permission to use all of the photos on his website by email. When we asked him if we could use his pictures, he replied:
I would be very happy for you to use any of the images from the site. Good luck with your project.
Phil Baggley
Secondary Sources
American Steel: Built to Last. 1997. A&E Television Networks, 1997. DVD. This is a credible source because it was produced by A&E Television Networks which is a well known studio. The TV show which this comes from is Modern Marvels, which is another highly regarded TV show on the Discovery Channel. The director is not known.
"Andrew Carnegie." Biography Channel.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. <http://www.biography.com/people/andrew-carnegie-9238756>. We used a photo from the page, not the actual page itself. In the Terms of Use, number 2, Materials, it says that use of the website for personal uses, grants a non-refferable use of any materials.
Bensman, David, and Mark R. Wilson. "Iron and Steel." Encyclopedia of Chicago. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Encyclopedia of Chicago. Web. 16 Nov. 2012. <http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/653.html>. It is from an encyclopedia about steel and iron in Chicago during the years of the late 19th century. Has records and facts of the amount of steel rails that companies there were making. David Bensman is a professor at Rutgers University. Mark R. Wilson is a professor at Western Carolina University.
Benson, Sonia, and Daniel E. Brannen, Jr. "Homestead Strike." Homestead Strike. Vol. 4. N.p.: n.p., n.d. 706-09. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 18 Oct. 2012. <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?sgHitCount&sort=RELEVANCE&inPS=true&prodId=GVRL&userGroupName=timbercrest&tabID=T003&searchId=R6&resultList&contentSegment=&search
¤tPosition=31&contentSet=GALE%7CCX3048900350&&docId=GALE|CX3048900350&doc>. This source is about how Andrew Carnegie influenced the steel industries. Also it shows the amount of workers and how they were treated during this era of time. Sonja Benson is a renowned psychologist and personalizes in work stresses.
Bodsworth, Colin, ed. Sir Henry Bessemer: Father of the Steel Industry. London: IOM Communications, 1998. Print. This book is all about the life of Henry Bessemer, and his great achievements. The book has chapters on many of Bessemer's accomplishments, including the Bessemer process. This book has lots of information and quotes from important people in Henry Bessemer's life, as well as Henry Bessemer himself.
Brian, Marshall, and Robert Lamb. "How Iron and Steel Work." How Stuff Works. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. <http://science.howstuffworks.com/iron4.htm>. About iron and steel and the Bessemer Process. Marshall Brian is the founder of "How Stuff Works". He also hosted a show called "Factory Floors" on the National Geographic Channel. Robert Lamb got his degree in creative writing a the University of Tennessee.
Fisher, Douglas Alan. The Epic of Steel. New York: HarperCollins, 1963. Print. This source is a secondary source because it was made in 1963. It has a life of Henry Bessemer and how he came upon the Bessemer Process. The publisher, HarperCollins is a credible source because they are a renowned company for publishing.
Gordon, John Steele. "Iron and Steel Industry." History.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Oct. 2012. <http://www.history.com/topics/iron-and-steel-industry>. This is about the of the Bessemer Process and the history before and after it was invented. It is around the time era of the 1860's to the 1930's.The author is John Steele Gordon, and he has written many books about history and industries. He graduated from Vanderbilt University with a B.A. in history in 1966.
Hacker, Louis M. The World of Andrew Carnegie 1865-1901. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, n.d. Print. This book by Louis M. Hacker is a book written about Andrew Carnegie and his steel empire. This book has lots of primary sources within it including pictures, charts, and letters. Hacker's book gives lots of information on the Civil War, railroads, and skyscrapers, and explains Carnegie's involvement in each.
Karam, P. Andrew. "English Inventor Henry Bessemer Develops Process to Produce Inexpensive Steel." Science and Its Times 5: 535-37. Print. This source from Science and Its Times, is a detailed article explaining the Bessemer Process, and how greatly it effected the world. This article is all about how much the Bessemer Process supported the steel industry, as well as many other industries.
Lerner, Ed. K. Lee, and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. "Steel." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. 4th ed. Vol. 5. Detroit: Gale, 2008. 4139-46. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 9 Oct. 2012. <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?sgHitCount&sort=RELEVANCE&inPS=true&prodId=GVRL&userGroupName=timbercrest&tabID=T003&searchId=R4&resultList&contentSegment=
&search¤tPosition=1&contentSet=GALE|CX2830102209&&docId=GALE|CX2830102209&doc>. Long article on all aspects of Steel from Gale virtual reference library.
Standiford, Les. Meet You in Hell: Andrew Carnegie, Henry Clay Frick, and the bitter partnership that transformed America. New York: Crown, 2005. Print. This book is all about the partnership of Andrew Carnegie and Henry Clay Frick who were partners in managing the Carnegie's Carnegie Steel Company, and Frick's H. C. Frick & Company, and became two of the richest men in the world at the time. This book is important because it shows the importance of steel in the American economy. The author, Les Standiford, has received multiple awards for his writing, and holds an M.A. and a Ph.D. from the University of Utah.
"Steel Industry." Gale Encyclopedia of US Economic History. N.p.: n.p., n.d. 959-61. Print. This article in the Gale Encyclopedia of US Economic History on the steel industry explains in detail how much the steel industry affected the US. The article also explains how the Bessemer Process is performed, and what makes it so much better than any other steel-making method.
Tracy, Kathleen. Henry Bessemer. Hockessin: Mitchell Lane, 2006. Print. Scientific Advancements of the 19th Century. This book gives plenty of information on all of Sir Henry Bessemer's inventions throughout his life, but mainly his creation of the Bessemer Process. This book tells how the Bessemer process changed the world, and gives specific quotes and ideas from Bessemer himself. This book is important because it gives lots of information on the topic.
Transcontinental Railroads. History Channel. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Oct. 2012. <http://www.history.com/shows/america-the-story-of-us/videos/transcontinental-railroad#transcontinental-railroad>. This is a reliable source because it was made by the History Channel, which is a very well known company and TV network. The author is not known. It is a secondary source.
Whaples, Robert. "Carnegie, Andrew." E.H.Net Encyclopedia of Economic Business and History. N.p.: n.p., n.d. EH.net. Web. 26 Dec. 2012. <http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/Whaples.Carnegie>. This is about Andrew Carnegie. It talks about his childhood and how he came to be the most prominent steel CEO in the world. This source is reliable because the website is a well published encyclopedia. The author is a professor at Wake Forest University. Robert Whaples graduated from the University of Maryland with B.A.'s in history and economics.
Workington Iron and Steel. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Jan. 2013. <http://www.banklands.com/Departure%20Lounge.htm>. This website is a large source filled with many photos and information on the Bessemer process, as well as lots of articles from the author and various other contributors. This source supplied our website with many photos, as it was filled with photos, and our entry's photo gallery would be much smaller without it.
"The Bessemer Process." Manufacturer and Builder 0002.2 (1870): 46. Making of America. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. <http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=manu;cc=manu;rgn=full%20text;idno=manu0002-2;didno=manu0002-2;view=image;seq=0052;node=manu0002-2%3A24>. This article is a journal from the year 1870 about new machines and inventions. One segment was on the Bessemer Process. It has the numbers and percentages of the amounts of metals in steel. There is no author. This is credible because the magazine is widely read for 30 years.
"Bessemer Steel." New York Times 17 Oct. 1880: 9. Print. This newspaper article from the New York Times talks about the differences in revenue from before and after the creation of the Bessemer Process in cities around the US. This source is very credible since it is from he New York Times.
"A Bold Mechanical Project." Scientific American ns 1003.26 (1860): 403. Making of America. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. <http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=scia;cc=scia;q1=The%20Bessemer%20Process;rgn=full%20text;idno=scia1003-26;didno=scia1003-26;node=scia1003-26%3A1;view=image;seq=0407>. This article is from a journal about building and machines. It is a primary source. This article has one small section about the Bessemer Process. The section talks about a ship that was being made completely from using the Bessemer Process.
Carnegie, Andrew. Wealth. N.p., 1889. The North American Review. Web. 16 Nov. 2012. <http://digital.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=nora;cc=nora;rgn=full%20text;idno=nora0148-6;didno=nora0148-6;view=image;seq=0661;node=nora0148-6%3A1>. A long memoir by Andrew Carnegie about steel, and how he became so rich off of it. Carnegie talks about his rise to the top of the railroad industry and how he became that way. This explains the importance of cheap steel, and why it became so widely used.
"The Future of the Bessemer Process." Manufacturer and Builder 0012.12 (1880): 268-69. Making of America. Web. 13 Nov. 2012. <http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=manu;cc=manu;rgn=full%20text;idno=manu0012-12;didno=manu0012-12;view=image;seq=0274;node=manu0012-12%3A16>. This source is a primary source from 1880. This source is credible because it is from a renowned magazine company that lasted for over 30 years. There is no author.
"Henry Bessemer: The Man Whose Failure Won Success." Shiner Gazette 26 Aug. 1909: n. pag. Print. This article from the Shiner gazette in Shiner, Texas, explains how Henry Bessemer gained his fame, and what his inventions consisted of. This article is credible because it is from a credible newspaper source.
"Making Them out of Bessemer Steel by a Simple Process." Omaha Daily Bee [Omaha] 29 Aug. 1884: n. pag. Web. 14 Dec. 2012. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn99021999/1884-08-29/ed-1/seq-2/;words=process+Bessemer?date1=1850&rows=20&search&state=&date2=1890&proxtext=bessemer+process&y=0&x=0&dateFilter&index=5>. This is a primary source because is was made in 1884. It is a reliable source because it is on the National Endowment for the Humanities, which is found on the Library of Congress website.
"Not Appreciated: John Bull's Meanness toward a Foremost Inventorr." Roanoke Times [Roanoke] 1 June 1895: n. pag. Print. This newspaper article from the Roanoke times explains the creation of the Bessemer Process and why it was important to many industries. This is credible because it was published by a credible newspaper.
"Our Steel Manufactures." New York Times 27 Sept. 1870: pg2. Print. This newspaper article talks about Henry Bessemer's steel making process and the significance of it at the time. The article talks about what the Bessemer Process involves, and how the method works. This article is by a special correspondent for the New York Times, a large newspaper.
Photograph of St. Francis Hotel Showing the Clean Sweep of Fire in the Business Section of All Except Class A Steel Frame Buildings After the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake. 1906. Photograph. National Archives. This photograph shows a burnt down building in San Fransisco after the large earthquake. The steel frame of the building is still standing, while all the buildings around it are burnt to the ground. This shows that steel was the strongest building metal of the time and the most reliable.
Rorabaugh, William J. E-mail interview. 5 Dec. 2012. In this interview by email, William Rorabaugh, a professor of Nineteenth Century US History and US Social History at the University of Washington, shares how the invention of the Bessemer process impacted the United States' steel industry. He also shares what steel-making was like before the Bessemer process was invented, and how different industries benefited from the Bessemer process.
Sir Henry Bessemer, F.R.S. An autobiography. London: n.p., 1905. Print. This book was written by Henry Bessemer, creator of the Bessemer process, and he gives lots of detailed information about his works and achievements throughout his life. This is a primary source because it was written by Bessemer in 1905, and it is very credible because it has lots of information on Bessemer's life.
Stark County Democrat [Canton, Ohio] 23 Feb. 1882. Web. 16 Dec. 2012. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84028490/1882-02-23/ed-1/seq-8/;words=process+Bessemer?date1=1854&sort=date&sort=date&rows=20&search&state=&date2=1907&proxtext=Bessemer+process&y=16&x=8&dateFilter&page=5&index=7>. This is a reliable source because the newspaper company is published by W. & G. Dunbar, Jr. This company at the time was a highly ranked newspaper publisher. It is also a primary source because it was published in 1882. The author is unknown.
Variety. N.d. Workington Iron and Steel. Web. 7 Jan. 2013. <http://banklands.com/Departure%20Lounge.htm>. A large group of pictures of steel plants, Bessemer converters, trains, and railroads, as well as more steel related photos. This site was put together by Phil Baggley, and supplied our website with many photos. Mr. Baggley gave us permission to use all of the photos on his website by email. When we asked him if we could use his pictures, he replied:
I would be very happy for you to use any of the images from the site. Good luck with your project.
Phil Baggley
Secondary Sources
American Steel: Built to Last. 1997. A&E Television Networks, 1997. DVD. This is a credible source because it was produced by A&E Television Networks which is a well known studio. The TV show which this comes from is Modern Marvels, which is another highly regarded TV show on the Discovery Channel. The director is not known.
"Andrew Carnegie." Biography Channel.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. <http://www.biography.com/people/andrew-carnegie-9238756>. We used a photo from the page, not the actual page itself. In the Terms of Use, number 2, Materials, it says that use of the website for personal uses, grants a non-refferable use of any materials.
Bensman, David, and Mark R. Wilson. "Iron and Steel." Encyclopedia of Chicago. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Encyclopedia of Chicago. Web. 16 Nov. 2012. <http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/653.html>. It is from an encyclopedia about steel and iron in Chicago during the years of the late 19th century. Has records and facts of the amount of steel rails that companies there were making. David Bensman is a professor at Rutgers University. Mark R. Wilson is a professor at Western Carolina University.
Benson, Sonia, and Daniel E. Brannen, Jr. "Homestead Strike." Homestead Strike. Vol. 4. N.p.: n.p., n.d. 706-09. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 18 Oct. 2012. <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?sgHitCount&sort=RELEVANCE&inPS=true&prodId=GVRL&userGroupName=timbercrest&tabID=T003&searchId=R6&resultList&contentSegment=&search
¤tPosition=31&contentSet=GALE%7CCX3048900350&&docId=GALE|CX3048900350&doc>. This source is about how Andrew Carnegie influenced the steel industries. Also it shows the amount of workers and how they were treated during this era of time. Sonja Benson is a renowned psychologist and personalizes in work stresses.
Bodsworth, Colin, ed. Sir Henry Bessemer: Father of the Steel Industry. London: IOM Communications, 1998. Print. This book is all about the life of Henry Bessemer, and his great achievements. The book has chapters on many of Bessemer's accomplishments, including the Bessemer process. This book has lots of information and quotes from important people in Henry Bessemer's life, as well as Henry Bessemer himself.
Brian, Marshall, and Robert Lamb. "How Iron and Steel Work." How Stuff Works. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. <http://science.howstuffworks.com/iron4.htm>. About iron and steel and the Bessemer Process. Marshall Brian is the founder of "How Stuff Works". He also hosted a show called "Factory Floors" on the National Geographic Channel. Robert Lamb got his degree in creative writing a the University of Tennessee.
Fisher, Douglas Alan. The Epic of Steel. New York: HarperCollins, 1963. Print. This source is a secondary source because it was made in 1963. It has a life of Henry Bessemer and how he came upon the Bessemer Process. The publisher, HarperCollins is a credible source because they are a renowned company for publishing.
Gordon, John Steele. "Iron and Steel Industry." History.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Oct. 2012. <http://www.history.com/topics/iron-and-steel-industry>. This is about the of the Bessemer Process and the history before and after it was invented. It is around the time era of the 1860's to the 1930's.The author is John Steele Gordon, and he has written many books about history and industries. He graduated from Vanderbilt University with a B.A. in history in 1966.
Hacker, Louis M. The World of Andrew Carnegie 1865-1901. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, n.d. Print. This book by Louis M. Hacker is a book written about Andrew Carnegie and his steel empire. This book has lots of primary sources within it including pictures, charts, and letters. Hacker's book gives lots of information on the Civil War, railroads, and skyscrapers, and explains Carnegie's involvement in each.
Karam, P. Andrew. "English Inventor Henry Bessemer Develops Process to Produce Inexpensive Steel." Science and Its Times 5: 535-37. Print. This source from Science and Its Times, is a detailed article explaining the Bessemer Process, and how greatly it effected the world. This article is all about how much the Bessemer Process supported the steel industry, as well as many other industries.
Lerner, Ed. K. Lee, and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. "Steel." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. 4th ed. Vol. 5. Detroit: Gale, 2008. 4139-46. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 9 Oct. 2012. <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?sgHitCount&sort=RELEVANCE&inPS=true&prodId=GVRL&userGroupName=timbercrest&tabID=T003&searchId=R4&resultList&contentSegment=
&search¤tPosition=1&contentSet=GALE|CX2830102209&&docId=GALE|CX2830102209&doc>. Long article on all aspects of Steel from Gale virtual reference library.
Standiford, Les. Meet You in Hell: Andrew Carnegie, Henry Clay Frick, and the bitter partnership that transformed America. New York: Crown, 2005. Print. This book is all about the partnership of Andrew Carnegie and Henry Clay Frick who were partners in managing the Carnegie's Carnegie Steel Company, and Frick's H. C. Frick & Company, and became two of the richest men in the world at the time. This book is important because it shows the importance of steel in the American economy. The author, Les Standiford, has received multiple awards for his writing, and holds an M.A. and a Ph.D. from the University of Utah.
"Steel Industry." Gale Encyclopedia of US Economic History. N.p.: n.p., n.d. 959-61. Print. This article in the Gale Encyclopedia of US Economic History on the steel industry explains in detail how much the steel industry affected the US. The article also explains how the Bessemer Process is performed, and what makes it so much better than any other steel-making method.
Tracy, Kathleen. Henry Bessemer. Hockessin: Mitchell Lane, 2006. Print. Scientific Advancements of the 19th Century. This book gives plenty of information on all of Sir Henry Bessemer's inventions throughout his life, but mainly his creation of the Bessemer Process. This book tells how the Bessemer process changed the world, and gives specific quotes and ideas from Bessemer himself. This book is important because it gives lots of information on the topic.
Transcontinental Railroads. History Channel. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Oct. 2012. <http://www.history.com/shows/america-the-story-of-us/videos/transcontinental-railroad#transcontinental-railroad>. This is a reliable source because it was made by the History Channel, which is a very well known company and TV network. The author is not known. It is a secondary source.
Whaples, Robert. "Carnegie, Andrew." E.H.Net Encyclopedia of Economic Business and History. N.p.: n.p., n.d. EH.net. Web. 26 Dec. 2012. <http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/Whaples.Carnegie>. This is about Andrew Carnegie. It talks about his childhood and how he came to be the most prominent steel CEO in the world. This source is reliable because the website is a well published encyclopedia. The author is a professor at Wake Forest University. Robert Whaples graduated from the University of Maryland with B.A.'s in history and economics.
Workington Iron and Steel. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Jan. 2013. <http://www.banklands.com/Departure%20Lounge.htm>. This website is a large source filled with many photos and information on the Bessemer process, as well as lots of articles from the author and various other contributors. This source supplied our website with many photos, as it was filled with photos, and our entry's photo gallery would be much smaller without it.